《危(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品安全(quan)管理條(tiao)例》（中華人民共和(he)國(guo)國(guo)務(wu)院令第591號）規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，危(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品是指具(ju)有毒害、腐蝕、爆炸、燃(ran)燒、助燃(ran)等性(xing)質，對人體(ti)、設(she)施、環境具(ju)有危(wei)害的(de)(de)劇(ju)毒化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品和(he)其(qi)他化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品。危(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品以《危(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)》（以下簡稱《目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)》）為(wei)判定(ding)(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，《目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)》由國(guo)務(wu)院安全(quan)生(sheng)產監督管理部門會(hui)同國(guo)務(wu)院工業和(he)信息化(hua)(hua)(hua)、公(gong)安、環境保護、衛生(sheng)、交通運輸等部門，根據化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品危(wei)險(xian)特性(xing)的(de)(de)鑒別和(he)分類標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確定(ding)(ding)、公(gong)布，并適(shi)時調(diao)整。關于危(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品的(de)(de)分類，《目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)》采納了2013年發布的(de)(de)《化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品分類和(he)標(biao)簽(qian)(qian)規(gui)范》（GB 30000）系列國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，該系列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)內容(rong)與(yu)《全(quan)球化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)品統一(yi)分類和(he)標(biao)簽(qian)(qian)制度（第四修訂(ding)版）》（GHS）基本一(yi)致。

《危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)分類和品名編號(hao)》（GB 6944）規(gui)定，危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)是指具有爆炸、易(yi)燃(ran)、毒(du)害、感染、腐蝕、放射性等危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)特性，在運輸(shu)、儲存(cun)、生產、經營、使用和處置中，容易(yi)造成人身傷亡、財產損毀(hui)或環境污染而需要特別防護的(de)物(wu)(wu)質和物(wu)(wu)品。我國危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)的(de)確(que)認(ren)原則主要依(yi)據《危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)品名表》（GB 12268）和《危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)分類和品名編號(hao)》（GB 6944），這兩個國家標準由交(jiao)通運輸(shu)部(bu)提出并組織修訂發布(bu)，技術內容與聯合國《關(guan)于危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)運輸(shu)的(de)建(jian)議書·規(gui)章范本》（TDG）基(ji)本一致。

《目錄》將(jiang)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)(pin)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)特性(xing)分為(wei)(wei)物理危(wei)(wei)害(hai)、健康(kang)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)、環境(jing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)3大類(lei)28項(xiang)（GHS第(di)六(liu)修訂(ding)版已將(jiang)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)(pin)擴充為(wei)(wei)29類(lei)，新增退敏爆炸(zha)物，但目前我國(guo)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)(pin)確認原則只(zhi)包含28類(lei)），即表示化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)(pin)含有這28大項(xiang)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)中(zhong)一項(xiang)或多(duo)項(xiang)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)時則為(wei)(wei)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)(pin)。

危(wei)險(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)可(ke)分為9大(da)類(lei)，包括爆炸品，氣(qi)體(ti)，易(yi)(yi)燃(ran)(ran)液體(ti)，易(yi)(yi)燃(ran)(ran)固體(ti)、易(yi)(yi)于自燃(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)、遇水放(fang)出(chu)易(yi)(yi)燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，氧化性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)和有機過氧化物(wu)(wu)，毒性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)和感(gan)染性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，放(fang)射性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，腐蝕性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，雜項(xiang)危(wei)險(xian)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)和物(wu)(wu)品包括環境危(wei)害物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。當貨物(wu)(wu)含有其中一項(xiang)或多項(xiang)危(wei)害時則(ze)為危(wei)險(xian)貨物(wu)(wu)。

危(wei)險(xian)(xian)化學品的(de)認(ren)定(ding)主(zhu)要(yao)依據生(sheng)產、儲存(cun)、流通、運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)等(deng)各環(huan)(huan)節(jie)長期或短期接觸對(dui)人類(lei)和環(huan)(huan)境的(de)危(wei)害(hai)性(xing)，主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)部門有應急(ji)管(guan)理部、生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境部等(deng)；危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨物的(de)認(ren)定(ding)主(zhu)要(yao)依據運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)表(biao)現出的(de)對(dui)人類(lei)和環(huan)(huan)境的(de)危(wei)害(hai)性(xing)，強調短期危(wei)害(hai)性(xing)，監(jian)管(guan)部門則主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)的(de)相(xiang)關主(zhu)管(guan)部門，如交通運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)部。

在(zai)日常生(sheng)活中，危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)和危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物(wu)大部(bu)分是(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)，但(dan)有一(yi)部(bu)分危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物(wu)，部(bu)分危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物(wu)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)。危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物(wu)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況，其主要原(yuan)因是(shi)很多健康和環(huan)境的(de)(de)亞慢性危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)害（致癌性、生(sheng)殖毒性等）未被危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物(wu)分類標準所采納(na)，如(ru)硼酸(suan)等。危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況，主要分為以(yi)下3種：該(gai)貨(huo)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)于危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)物(wu)品(pin)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于化(hua)學物(wu)質，如(ru)汽車安全氣囊(nang)；該(gai)貨(huo)物(wu)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)條(tiao)件特殊，如(ru)高溫(wen)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)；該(gai)貨(huo)物(wu)的(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)性不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)的(de)(de)28項危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)害之(zhi)中，如(ru)鋰電池。

依據(ju)《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)民(min)共和(he)國(guo)進出(chu)口(kou)商品(pin)(pin)檢驗(yan)(yan)法》及其(qi)(qi)實施條例、《危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)條例》《關(guan)(guan)于進出(chu)口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)及其(qi)(qi)包(bao)裝(zhuang)檢驗(yan)(yan)監管有(you)關(guan)(guan)問題的公(gong)(gong)告(gao)》（海(hai)關(guan)(guan)總署公(gong)(gong)告(gao)2020年第129號）等有(you)關(guan)(guan)規定，《目錄》中(zhong)的產(chan)品(pin)(pin)屬于法定檢驗(yan)(yan)商品(pin)(pin)。海(hai)關(guan)(guan)對(dui)進口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)采取口(kou)岸(an)“批批驗(yan)(yan)核＋抽批檢測(ce)”的監管模式，進口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)的收貨(huo)人(ren)(ren)或其(qi)(qi)代理(li)人(ren)(ren)報(bao)(bao)關(guan)(guan)時應填報(bao)(bao)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)事(shi)項(xiang)并(bing)申(shen)請檢驗(yan)(yan)；海(hai)關(guan)(guan)對(dui)出(chu)口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)采取“產(chan)地檢驗(yan)(yan)＋口(kou)岸(an)查驗(yan)(yan)”的監管要求，出(chu)口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)的發貨(huo)人(ren)(ren)或者其(qi)(qi)代理(li)人(ren)(ren)向(xiang)產(chan)地海(hai)關(guan)(guan)報(bao)(bao)檢并(bing)申(shen)請檢驗(yan)(yan)。

依據《中華人(ren)民共和國進出口(kou)商品檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)法(fa)》及其(qi)實(shi)施條例(li)規定，為出口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)產包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)企業(ye)，應(ying)當向(xiang)產地海(hai)(hai)關申(shen)請危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)性能鑒定，出口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產企業(ye)，應(ying)當向(xiang)產地海(hai)(hai)關申(shen)請危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)使(shi)(shi)用鑒定。海(hai)(hai)關對出口(kou)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)實(shi)施“產地檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)”，經海(hai)(hai)關檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)合(he)格后分別簽(qian)發(fa)出境(jing)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)運輸包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)性能檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)結(jie)果單和出境(jing)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)運輸包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)使(shi)(shi)用鑒定結(jie)果單，俗稱“兩(liang)證”。

此(ci)外，需(xu)要(yao)特別(bie)提(ti)示的(de)(de)是，危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)(pin)生產、儲存、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)、經營和(he)運輸的(de)(de)安全(quan)管(guan)理，須符(fu)合《危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)(pin)安全(quan)管(guan)理條(tiao)例(li)》的(de)(de)規(gui)定。危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)(pin)無(wu)論是否(fou)列入法(fa)檢目錄，均(jun)須依法(fa)向(xiang)海(hai)關報檢并申請(qing)(qing)檢驗，其(qi)中出口(kou)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)(pin)屬于危(wei)(wei)險(xian)貨(huo)物的(de)(de)還應(ying)向(xiang)產地(di)海(hai)關申請(qing)(qing)出口(kou)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)貨(huo)物包裝使(shi)(shi)用(yong)鑒定。用(yong)作食(shi)品(pin)(pin)、食(shi)品(pin)(pin)添加劑(ji)的(de)(de)進出口(kou)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)化(hua)學品(pin)(pin)，應(ying)符(fu)合食(shi)品(pin)(pin)安全(quan)相關規(gui)定。

來源：京檢危化品安全培訓